Territorial claims of Antarctica

This List of Antarctic expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica.

Pre-expedition

• 600 - 300 BCE Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with the antipodes North and South Polar regions.
• 150 CE Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita

Pre-1800s

• 1487 Bartolomeu Dias first to sail around Cape of Good Hope crosses (40° S)
• 1497 Vasco da Gama sails to White River, South Africa
• 1522 Ferdinand Magellan - first circumnavigation discovers Strait of Magellan (54º S)
• 1525 Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition - thought to see Land's End (56º S)
• 1578 Francis Drake discovers Drake Passage
• 1599 Dirk Gerritsz - potentially sails to (64° S)
• 1603 Gabriel de Castilla - potentially sails to (64° S)
• 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
• 1619 Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramirez Islands (56°30′S, 68°43′W)
• 1642 – 1643 Abel Tasman discovers New Zealand and Tasmania (44° S)
• 1675 Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia ( 54°15′00″S, 36°45′00″W), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
• 1698 – 1699 Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)
• 1720 Captain George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30’S)
• 1739 Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (54°26′S, 3°24′E)
• 1771 James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
• 1771 – 1772 First French Antarctic Expedition - led by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (49°15′S, 69°35′E)
• 1772 - 1775 James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71°10’ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 75 miles of the Antarctic mainland.

1800s

• 1819 William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (62°00′S, 058°00′W), the first ever land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
• 1819 San Telmo wrecks in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island
• 1819 – 1821 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – on January 27, 1820, discovers Antarctica mainland at Princess Martha Coast ( 69°21′28″S, 2°14′50″W)
• 1820 Edward Bransfield & William Smith – on January 30, 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (63°37′S, 058°20′W)
• 1820 Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on November 17, 1820
• 1821 John Davis – on February 7, 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (64°13′S, 61°20′W)
• 1823 – 1824 James Weddell – on February 20, 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74°15’ S (74°15′S, 30°12′W)
• 1830 – 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition – sight Enderby Land (67°30′S, 53°0′E) and Adelaide Island (67.25° S 68.5° W)
• 1837 – 1840 Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers Adelie Land (66° S)
• 1838 – 1839 John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (66°55′S, 163°45′E)
• 1838 – 1842 United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (69°30′S, 065°00′W) and eastern Antarctica
• 1839 – 1843 James Clark Ross discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78°10’ S on 23 January 1842

23 January 1842, to *1892 - 1893 (Jason expedition with Carl Anton Larsen, 1st person to ski in Antarctica)

• 1892 – 1893 Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (63°30′S, 055°55′W)
• 1893 - 1894 (Whaling Expedition with Carl Anton Larsen)
• 1893 – 1895 Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
• 1897 – 1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache
• 1898 – 1900 Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78°50’ S

1900s

• 1901 — 1904 Discovery Expedition - led by Robert Falcon Scott, on December 30, 1903, reached (82° 17’S)
• 1901 — 1903 Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) - led by Erich von Drygalski
• 1901 — 1903 Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
• 1902 — 1904 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
• 1903 — 1905 Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
• 1907 — 1909 Nimrod Expedition – On January 9, 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88'23S (Farthest South), and on January 16, 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (72°25′S, 155°16′E) (mean position)
• 1908 — 1910 Fourth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
• 1910 — 1912 Japanese Antarctic Expedition - led by Nobu Shirase
• 1910 — 1912 Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition - On December 14, 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
• 1910 — 1913 Terra Nova Expedition - On January 17, 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
• 1911 — 1913 Second German Antarctic Expedition - led by Wilhelm Filchner
• 1911 — 1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
• 1914 — 1916 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
• 1914 — 1917 Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh

The last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration

• 1921 — 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
• 1929 — 1931 British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
• 1928 — 1930 Richard Evelyn Byrd - First expedition
• 1931 H Halvorsen - discovered Princess Astrid Coast
• 1931 Carstens Borchgrevink - discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
• 1931 Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen - flew over Antarctica
• 1933 — 1935 Richard Evelyn Byrd - Second expedition
• 1933 — 1939 Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
• 1934 — 1937 British Graham Land Expedition
• 1936 Lars Christensen - dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
• 1938 Third German Antarctic Expedition (New Swabia, or Neuschwabenland, claimed for Nazi Germany) - led by Alfred Ritscher
• 1939 — 1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
• 1943 — 1945 Operation Tabarin - led by Lieutenant James Marr
• 1946 — 1946 Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
• 1947 — First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
• 1947 — 1948 Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
• 1947 — 1946 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
• 1949 — 1952 Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
• 1955 — 1956 Operation Deep Freeze - led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
• 1955 — 1957 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
• 1956 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station established
• 1956 — 1958 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
• 1956 — 1958 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
• 1957 — 1958 International Geophysical Year
• 1957 Scott Base established
• 1957 — 1958 Luncke Expedition
• 1957 — 1959 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
• 1958 — 1960 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
• 1959 — 1961 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
• 1960 South African National Antarctic Expedition
• 1960 — 1962 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Driatsky
• 1961 — 1963 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
• 1962 — 1962 Vostok traverse - led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
• 1962 — 1964 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
• 1963 — 1965 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
• 1964 — 1966 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov
• 1965 — 1967 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
• 1966 — 1968 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
• 1967 — 1969 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
• 1968 — 1970 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
• 1969 — 1971 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
• 1970 — 1972 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by I.Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
• 1971 — 1973 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V.Averyanov
• 1972 — 1974 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko
• 1973 — 1975 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, V.Ignatov
• 1974 — 1976 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, N.Kornilov
• 1975 — 1977 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by O.Sedov, G.Bardin
• 1976 — 1978 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
• 1977 — 1979 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, O.Sedov
• 1978 — 1980 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by A.Artemyev, O.Sedov
• 1979 Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
• 1979 — 1980 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, N.Tyabin
• 1980 — 1981 Transglobe Expedition - led by Ranulph Fiennes
• 1980 — 1982 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, V.Shamontyev
• 1981 — 1983 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
• 1982 Falkland Islands War
• 1982 — 1984 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, A.Artemyev
• 1983 — 1985 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by N.Tyabin, L.Bulatov
• 1984 - 1985 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I Led by Lt.Col. Omar Porciúncula
• 1984 — 1986 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
• 1985 — 1987 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, V.Dubovtsev
• 1986 — 1988 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk
• 1987 Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I - III
• 1987 — 1989 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov
• 1987 — 1988 First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition — St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
• 1988 — 1990 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov
• 1989 — 1991 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.M.Piguzov
• 1991 — 1992 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Lev Savatyugin
• 1996 Lake Vostok discovered

2000s

• 2004 BELARE Expedition
• 2004 – 2005 Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
• 2005 BELARE 2005 Logistics Survey Expedition
• 2006 – 2007 Team n2i Kite Skiing expedition to the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. Rupert Longsdon, Henry Cookson, Rory Sweet and guide Paul Landry.
• 2007 British Graham Land Expedition Independent Mountaineering expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula.
• 2007 Independent South African expedition by explorers Sibusiso Vilane and Alex Harris.
• 2007 - 2008 Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica [1]
• 2008 - British Antarctic Survey (Bas) led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, on the 2,200 years (ago) volcanic eruption.^[1]

Agreements

• 1959 Antarctic Treaty System
• 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
• 1978 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
• 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
• 1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
• 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

See also

• Farthest South
• Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
• History of Antarctica
• List of research stations in Antarctica
• List of Antarctic expeditions by the Soviet Union

References

• Savatyugin, L.M., Preobrazhenskaya, M.A. Russian Exploration of Antarctica (Russian: Российские исследования в Антарктике), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet), in 3 volumes (vol.1:1st to 20th SAE;vol.2:21st to 30th SAE; vol.3:31st SAE to 40th RAE), Saint Petersburg, 1999, ISBN 5-286-01265-5
• Soviet Antarctic Expedition : information bulletin., Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. ; New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964-, ISSN 0038-5271

Further reading

• Headland, Robert K. (1990). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4
• Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-480-3

External links

• Map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 - 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
• Index to Antarctic Expeditions - at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
• Antarctic Expeditions - information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
• Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration

References