In physics, the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence was until the mid 1970s the accepted theory of how a fluid flow becomes turbulent. The theory says that as a fluid flows faster, it develops more and more Fourier modes. At first a few modes dominate, but under stronger forcing the modes become power-law distributed, as in Kolmogorov's theory of turbulence.

• L. D. Landau (1944). "On the problem of turbulence". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 44: 339-342. 

• E. Hopf (1948). "A mathematical example displaying the features of turbulence". Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1: 303-322. 

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